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Date: April 29, 2024 Mon
Time: 10:50 pm
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Results for street robbery
4 results foundAuthor: Groff, Elizabeth Title: Modeling the Dynamics of Street Robberies Summary: Achieving a better understanding of the crime event in its context remains an important research area in criminology that has major implications for making better policy and developing effective crime prevention strategies. However, progress in this area has been handicapped by a lack of micro-level data and modeling tools that can capture the dynamic interactions of individuals and the context in which they occur. This research creates a conceptual model of street robberies that is based on extant theory and empirical research. Four distinct versions of that conceptual model are implemented using agent-based modeling software (ABMS). All of these versions incorporate core elements of routine activity theory — a motivated offender, suitable target, and a lack of capable guardians. From a research standpoint, this enables specific components of routine activity theory to be explored within a controlled environment. Specifically, the core premise that changes in the social structure have increased crime rates will be examined by varying the time spent away from home over five different temporal experiments. While the original concept of social changes in routine activities did not explicitly consider spatial aspects, this research draws from the geographic literature on activity spaces and offender travel behavior. Inclusion of spatial aspects is accomplished by defining two different types of agent movement—directed and random on two different landscapes – uniform grid and street network. The focus of this study is on operationalizing theory to study the dynamic interactions between individuals from which aggregate crime rates and crime patterns emerge. Research conducted using simulation offers a cost-effective supplement to field research. When used in concert, the two methods focus investments in research by identifying strategies that simulation indicates are promising for further research via field experiments. Research conducted with simulation software offers the ability to examine a variety of policy questions related to crime prevention, policing strategies, and the best response to terrorist incidents. In the area of crime prevention, expensive policies suggested by Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) literature could be tested before investments in physical changes are made. Exploration of the components of the decision to offend (victim selection, guardianship, site characteristics, etc.) will suggest concrete policy direction to prevent crime. Different policing strategies can be tested (e.g., hot spots policing) to examine the rate and size of the resulting diffusion. Finally, simulation can be used to model the reactions of people during catastrophic events. The model developed here provides the foundation for additional, more richly specified models to be developed. Details: Alexandria, VA: Institute for Law and Justice, 2008. 125p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 3, 2011 at: http://www.ilj.org/publications/docs/Modeling_Dynamics_Street_Robberies.pdf Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: http://www.ilj.org/publications/docs/Modeling_Dynamics_Street_Robberies.pdf Shelf Number: 122287 Keywords: Geographic StudiesRobberyStreet Robbery |
Author: Knight, Rosina Title: Working with Repeat Users of the Youth Criminal Justice System Summary: The Urban Regeneration Evaluation Research Team at the Centre for Institutional Studies (CIS), University of East London, was commissioned by the London Borough of Newham (LBN) to undertake an evaluation of Youth Justice Projects and Interventions. The research was conducted over a period of eighteen months, from October 2002 to February 2004. The findings below draw on the following research: • Interviews with sixty-five youth criminal justice workers, in addition to numerous informal chats. • Seventy-eight in-depth semi-structured interviews with young people, typically lasting from forty-five minutes to an hour and a half. Six of these young people were on bail and fifty were serving a referral order, community sentence, Detention and Training Order (DTO) or Intensive Supervision and Surveillance Programme (ISSP). Young people from all of the (now former) strands have been interviewed. Twenty-two of these seventy-eight interviews were second interviews, intended to follow up on the young peoples’ progress through the Youth Offending Team (YOT). • Nine interviews with individuals from key partner agencies. • Attendance at interventions at the YOT (including the street robbery project), Mentoring Plus, Newmartin Community Youth Trust (NCY) and the Attendance Centre. • Shadowing a YOT police officer who was delivering final warnings and reprimands. • Shadowing an NCY worker acting as an appropriate adult in Plaistow police station. • Observation of a court session. • Attendance at YOT, NCY and Youth Action Programme (YAP) team meetings, children’s fund delivery team meetings and some Green Street and Canning Town community forums. • Prison Visits alongside YOT staff and peer researchers. • Several visits to Oxford to visit the ‘Street Dreams’ Project. • An interview with a Youth Justice Board (YJB) effective practice manager. • Attendance at conferences. This study is neither comprehensive nor wholly systematic. It has taken shape through an organic process and is primarily an exploratory study. There has been on-going feeding back at management, whole team and individual staff levels. The first section of this report, entitled ‘Understandings of Youth Crime’ sets the scene for the remaining sections. It is important to first of all map out the ways in which youth justice workers and young people understand the problem of youth crime. This gives an indication of the understandings which both workers and young people take to the experience of participating in the youth justice process. The second section, entitled ‘Working with young people’ will illustrate both effective and ineffective ways of engaging young people in the criminal justice process with a view to achieving active change in or for them. The third section; ‘Multi-agency working’ looks at the issues involved in the YOT’s role as an inherently multi-agency service, mapping out the attitudes and practices of strategic partners, young people and workers in turn. Details: London: Centre for Institutional Studies School of Social Sciences, Media & Cultural Studies University of East London, 2006. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: CIS Research Report 2: Accessed September 4, 2012 at: http://dspace.uel.ac.uk/jspui/handle/123456789/275 Year: 2006 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://dspace.uel.ac.uk/jspui/handle/123456789/275 Shelf Number: 126231 Keywords: InterventionsJuvenile Offenders (U.K.)Repeat OffendersStreet Robbery |
Author: Irvin-Erickson, Yasemin Title: Identifying Risky Places for Crime: An Analysis of the Criminogenic Spatiotemporal Influences of Landscape Features on Street Robberies Summary: In environmental criminology, it is widely accepted that crime risk is affected by the legitimate and illegitimate activities hosted at places. Most studies exploring this influence use the concepts of environmental criminology to explain how landscape features (such as cash businesses, illegal markets) can promote criminal behavior. However, studies based on place-based indicators provide an incomplete picture of crime emergence. First, most studies assume a temporally uniform crime-generating influence of landscape features, ignoring the social relevancy of these features at different times. Second, in most crime and place studies, the spatial influence - the ways in which features of a landscape affect places throughout the landscape (Caplan, 2011, p. 57) - is operationalized arbitrarily (Ratcliffe, 2012). Moreover, few studies examine the interactivity of the criminogenic spatial influences of different landscape features on crime risk (Caplan et al., 2011). To address these limitations, this dissertation examined the individual and combined criminogenic spatiotemporal influences of landscape features on 2010 street robbery risk in the City of Newark, NJ, using the principles of Risk Terrain Modeling. Street robberies were classified into six daily and hourly temporal groups. According to the results of this dissertation, criminogenic features are different for different time models, and the extent and weight of their criminogenic influences vary between and within time nested models. At-risk housing, schools, churches, grocery stores, hair and nail salons, pawn shops, sit-down restaurants, and take-out restaurants are the only features that have round-the clock criminogenic influences on street robberies in all time models. Drug charges, pawn shops, grocery stores, take-out restaurants, and hair and nail salons exert the strongest criminogenic spatial influences in different time models. At-risk housing's, schools', and churches' criminogenic influences are statistically significant, albeit weak. High-risk micro places identified by the combined criminogenic spatiotemporal influences of landscape features are high likely places for street robberies in Newark, NJ. Details: Newark, NJ: Rutgers University, School of Criminal Justice, 2014. 161p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed April 1, 2015 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/248636.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/248636.pdf Shelf Number: 135114 Keywords: Crime AnalysisCrime PlacesEnvironmental CriminologyRisk ManagementSpatial AnalysisStreet Robbery |
Author: Monk, Khadija Title: Street Robbery Summary: This guide addresses street robbery and reviews factors contributing to its occurrence. It then provides a series of questions to help you analyze your local street robbery problem. Finally, it reviews responses to the problem and what is known about them from evaluative research and police practice. In this guide, a street robbery is defined as a crime with the following five characteristics: - the offender targets a victim; - the victim is a pedestrian and a stranger; - the offender attempts or completes a theft of cash or property; - the offender uses force or the threat of force against the victim; and - the offense occurs in a public or semipublic place, such as on a street, in an alley, in a parking garage, in a public park, on or near public transportation, or in a shared apartment hallway. Importantly, a street robbery need not involve a weapon, nor is it necessary that the offender injures the victim. Several subtypes of street robbery exist that vary in frequency depending on local circumstances. Among the better known are: - purse-snatching (referred to as "snatch theft" in this guide); - robbery of migrant laborers; - robbery at automated teller machines; - robbery of drunken bar patrons; robbery of students (e.g., middle- and high-school students and college students); and - robbery of passengers near public transportation systems. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice Office of Community, Oriented Policing Services, Center for Problem-Oriented Policing, 2010. 96p. Source: Internet Resource: Problem-Oriented Guides for Police Problem-Specific Guides Series No. 59: Accessed January 30, 2018 at: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p181-pub.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p181-pub.pdf Shelf Number: 122473 Keywords: MuggingRobberyStreet RobberyTheft |